You must be logged in to write a comment. Sure. Next day I put a relief cut on the end grain at the glue line so I could be sure all the force was concentrated there. (If in doubt, get a Material Safety Data Sheet [MSDS] from the manufacturer.). Hi Steven, Great question! This is a subjective measure based on observational data gathered during analysis that I performed prior to doing the actual tests, and this subjectivity is partially why the relative outcomes of these tests are more important than the absolute values. Better Bond. The length of time between applying glue and the point at which work pieces should no longer be manipulated is known as “assembly time”. I consulted a glue chemist for some guidance on framing the tests in a way that would isolate the necessary variables and produce reliable results. As long as 50% of the joint faces are in contact, most glues will hold tight. At temperatures above 200°F epoxy and urea formaldehyde lose stability.). Such glues form a stronger bond between the pieces of wood than standard white or other glues, are more resistant to water and set quickly, but require longer drying times. Thanks to Bernard Naish for the great tip. These cure best at 70° F, but some mixes work in temperatures as low as 35° F. (In chilly conditions, you can use a heat lamp or hair dryer to help the epoxy kick in.) The one big drawback to PVA glues is that they are not reversible – meaning once cured, the glue joint cannot be removed for repairs. Can you describe the process that you use to calibrate these devices? Titebond III Ultimate is the most versatile Titebond wood glue.. It contains formaldehyde, a skin and lung irritant, and possible carcinogen. Avoid: White and hide glues. With many adhesives like wood glue, you depend on the glue being very liquid to absorb into the material surface. View product details. A typical yellow glue known as wood glue or carpenter’s glue would take between 12 to 24 hours to dry whereas a Super glue can get the job done in less than 5 minutes. There’s a difference between waterproof (Type I), water-resistant (Type II) and constant immersion. Avoid: Polyurethane glue. Because of the nature of the various glues that I tested, I anticipated a sizeable range of assembly times, but I expected the range to be in the order of 2-3X. When yellow glue dries white, it means that the temperature fell below the glue’s chalk temperature and that the joint will likely fail. It’s repositionable & washing machine safe. However, I will pick up a bottle any time I need to repair an antique or apply a crackle finish. These are nontoxic and clean up with water. Any kind of joint that fits tight and would be hard to clamp together if/when the wood swells using PVA glue, then hide glue may be the ticket. Again gluing two sticks together, this time with an adhesive with a 5 minute working time. The main reason that I chose this one was because of what you mentioned; no batteries to charge or swap out. Average Wood Glue Dry Times. You will come across a wide variety of conventional lumber adhesives in the market. Titebond Original Wood Glue is the industry standard for woodworking. As far as strength goes is there any difference in Titebond 1 and Elmers yellow? One of my tests was to see if the old wives tale about excessive clamping presser “starving the joint.” was true. In every case the wood broke, not at the glue line. I had heard that white glue offered longer open time, but I never realized that the difference was as significant as I found it to be. I did everything I could think of wrong, on purpose. Before it cures, it can be cleaned up with tap water (like white glue). Type I testing involves several boiling/backing cycles and then testing the samples while they’re still wet. Clamp time: The minimum amount of time required before you can remove the clamps from a glue-up assembly. Slow: Titebond III and liquid hide glue offer more time for complex or multi-stage glue-ups. Then used the press and a steel wedge until the samples broke. – Based on an impressive open time of 37 minutes, Elmers Glue-All White Glue will become my new adhesive for complex glue-ups that require extended assembly times. Since my father and I make dozens of cutting boards each year, these attributes make it a winner in my shop. Fabrics, crafting and more. Wood glues take longer to dry than their cousins of other glue types, but Gorilla is well-liked for its relatively fast-drying wood glue. In addition to the quick-reference chart on page 40, you’ll find adhesive advice focusing on common problems, as well as valuable suggestions destined to stick with you. We have a fixture to hold the force gauge and a hanger that weighs 0.5 lbs. In my own simple non-scientific test, I verified this by using a hammer to fracture joints made with each glue type after allowing each joint to cure overnight. You wouldn’t want to eat the stuff, but you needn’t worry if your dog happened to find your glue pot. Yellow carpenters glue is readily available, easy to work with and cleans up with water. The next surprise was the extensive assembly time of Elmers White Glue, coming in at an average of 37 minutes, and consistently exceeding 30 minutes in each of the three rounds of testing. A. Water-based glue dries in two ways: (1) evaporation of water into the air, and (2) wicking of water into the wood. That’s good to know. Open time, working time, and curing time all relate to how long it will take to glue up a project from application to maximum bonding. Under ideal conditions, adhesives remain useable for longer time periods. Yellow glues also tend to have a stronger bond, requires clamping for 30 minutes, and will take between 12-18 hours to cure. Make sure you find the right kind of wood glue that fits your needs since there are a lot of manufacturers with a lot of different products out there. Conservators prefer hide glue because new glue reactivates old. Titebond No-Run, No-Drip stays put and grabs quickly, making it perfect when installing molding and trim. In some cases, several glues can fit the bill. It provides a strong initial tack and fast speed of set to reduce clamp time. Study the working properties of each glue in the chart to see if you can use what you have on hand, or if it’s time to go shopping. Once you apply the glue to the first stick, you have to affix and position the second stick in less than 5 minutes. Can't decide what to get the woodworker in your life. I prepared 1” x 1” x ¾” thick squares of hard maple from freshly planed board to use as my test pieces, and I installed a hook into each one so that I could apply direct lifting force. Learn about the most commonly used woodworking glues and how to choose the best glue for your next woodworking project. Working Time "Working time" is how long you can reposition the pieces after you join them without affecting the ultimate bond. All of the products that I used in this test with the exception of the Tightbond Hide Glue fall under the general category of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) glues. – Titebond Original will continue to be my “go-to” glue when quick setup is desirable, and the fact that this glue stood out as the fastest setting glue in this lineup did not surprise me. PVA glues can be diluted with 5% water before beginning to appreciably weaken. Still, you must try to get the one that is the most appropriate considering the exposure condition. I would like to see 30 minutes as a minimum. On the other end of the spectrum, when I have a particularly complex glue-up, I want as much working time as I can have. I like their extended times. COMPLETE PROJECTS FAST: Requires only 20-30 minutes of clamp time, fully cured in 24 hours. – Hide glue was the hands-down winner of the extended assembly time test. I am not concerned with dry time. There are different formulations depending on where the glue is used and how much working time you need. With wood glue having a working time of 10 to 15 minutes, I cut this one really close! When the required force reached 20 pounds, I considered glue to be cured to the point where further manipulation could not be performed to the test piece without affecting adhesion quality. Tags: assembly time, glue, hide glue, tack time, white glue, Yellow Glue. For the record, the temperature in my shop was 64 degrees, and the humidity was 33 – 35% during the two days that I performed the tests. We have compiled the glue test according to the availability of the glue. Woodworking adhesives are not created equal, and because of this I use several different glues, based upon manufacturer’s guidance as well as my own assumptions and experience about how each glue performs in certain circumstances. Avoid: White glue. In larger structures, creep can spell joint failure. The 15 minutes of assembly time that it scored in my test puts it into the “just right” zone for most of my projects; enough time to assemble most joints at leisure, but not so long that it becomes a bottleneck in my work-flow. Based on your experiment I am going to try Elmers. But then again, it’s probably not very comfortable working in a freezing shop in Minnesota anyway, so consider getting a heater. 1:01. The manufacturer recommends a clamp time of “between 30 minutes to an hour” for their Titebond Wood glue products. Working time is often different from open time. USE INDOORS OR OUTDOORS: Passes ANSI/HPVA Type II water resistance. (Lowering the temperature will also buy more time.). It also develops a bond stronger than the wood itself, offers excellent sandability and is unaffected by finishes. Here’s a quick-pick guide to help you select the right glue for new work or old, indoors or outside, and the variety of materials woodworkers use. Subscribe to the newsletter and get 10% off your next purchase in addition to the latest products, guides and project ideas. All the PVA glues suffer from creep issues to one level or another. There are dozens of choices, but selecting a suitable adhesive needn’t be dizzying. Most of these require a temperature above 50° F to work. Glue was Titebond original. Working Time 35 Minutes Clamping Time 8 Minutes Average Working Time 19 Minutes. ), Try: Epoxy is the only adhesive suited for constant water contact but for typical outdoor projects, Titebond II, polyurethane, and urea formaldehyde will all hold their own. The time of adhesion for aliphatic wood glue is 30 minutes and 24 hours for a complete drying. I’ve divided the woodworking glues into a few basic catego ries and provided a side-by-side comparison to help you quickly weigh your options. How long does Titebond Wood Glue take to dry? Higher the moisture content, longer would be the drying time of the glue. You can build epoxy fillets around joints for additional reinforcement. CA fumes irritate eyes, nose, and lungs. This is the time for an unstressed joint only, should you have a joint under stress then it should be clamped for a full 24 hours. Open time: The maximum amount of time glued pieces can be left open to the air before assembly. Shelf life: The period of time that glue remains useable. Some glues recommend a clamp time of up to 24 hours, but Elmers claim their Wood Glue requires only a 20-30 minute clamp time until the bond is strong enough to work with. VERSATILE: Ideal for use on hardwoods, softwoods, and natural wood composites. The amount of time from when the adhesive has set, to the time it will no longer bond. Working Time. That means far less "hold" time and a lot more productivity. You can double epoxy’s working time with slower hardener. Thanks, Steven. In some cases where assembly is simple and my goal is to get to the next step as quickly as possible, fast cure time becomes the key consideration. Their bonds can be undone with hot water. In both cases, the adhesives create a film that seals the cell walls, complicating a future fix. This tool probably won’t get tons of use in my shop other than an occasional tool test where it might make sense, so I’d hate to open up the case when I do need it and find it destroyed by battery acid. Polyurethane allows a comfortable working time for complicated glue-ups, but keep the clamps on until final cure or the foam can cause joints to open. Second most commonly used is Franklin’s melamine glue for use when one side is not absorbent. Tightbond Liquid Hide, while a completely different animal in nearly all respects, coincidentally is also rated in the same strength range as the PVA glues at roughly 3600 PSI terms. (Note: PVAs and hide glue offer only 30-50% of full strength at stated time. When choosing glue for your projects keep in mind that there are many attributes to consider; ease of clean up, cure strength, sandability, water resistance, and durability to heat exposure. However, yellow glue tends to be cheaper and can be easily sanded down so if it is not going to be used outdoors or somewhere where it is going to be seen, then it can be a good choice. This will really depend on a number of factors including how much glue you used, the porosity of the wood surface, the humidity and the temperature of your workshop etc. It cures in approximately 24 hours, and results in a glue line that is either translucent, pale tan, or amber. Unless your woodworking projects are limited to knockdown furniture and timber-frame barns, you are already quite familiar with a variety of tubes, bottles, bags and jugs of this sticky stuff. Use the match-maker chart for all of your glue-up needs. Depending on the project, speed can be an ally or enemy. First, I was amazed by the slow cure rate of hide glue. Since each project is different, we selected a variety of wood glues that are versatile and strong. Tips for using wood glue Before gluing the wood, make sure that … Rarely used here. Tight Bond III. Thanks again. With a 15-minute open time (twice as long as regular Titebond), Titebond Extend is useful in complex glue-ups. A little plasticity is necessary to allow for some wood movement, but slipping or stretching (often the result of constant long-term loads) that doesn’t snap back is called creep. This fast-drying wood glue actually sets in five to ten minutes. (In such cases, consider leaving the clamps on through full curing to keep mating surfaces as snug as possible.) Always be sure to read the directions and warnings any time you are working with wood glue. Or Elmers yellow and Elmers white? Related Videos. Under the ideal situations, all woodworking glues are capable of creating bonds stronger than the wood. Despite type-ratings, all PVAs will soften in a constant marine environment. In smaller projects, creep means visible glue lines and laminations that lose their shape. I originally came here after looking up the use of hide glue in wood flooring installation. Woodworking in poorly heated spaces during winter months often leads to glue failure. Concerning glue creep, a boatbuilding friend of mine once glued teak gunwale strips on a 30′ steamboat, bent around the hull using epoxy and no screws. This article is from Issue 52 of Woodcraft Magazine. Here in Tucson I should get about 20 minutes open-time which will give me more time to apply clamps and cauls. It seems the DAP resin glue is the glue of choice for this application. The next surprise was the extensive assembly time of Elmers White Glue, coming in at an average of 37 minutes, and consistently exceeding 30 minutes in each of the three rounds of testing. However, I have lots of chemical sensitivities and would prefer to avoid the formaldehydes. When that happens, you’ll find yourself at the mercy of catalogs and home centers looking for the perfect product. Articles Then I hit it with a hammer until it broke free, and I observed that it tore the wood fibers rather than breaking cleanly at the glue line. The working time increases, but viscosity decreases, rendering the glue more runny and messy. (Boiling water activates Titebond III crosslinking polymers, improving Titebond III's bond. In the PVA category, Titebond Extend offers the best creep resistance. Open times probably vary a lot more because so much depends on having “wetting.”, Enter in your email and password to create a FREE account, Woodworking Blog Posts, Articles & Videos to Build Your Skills. Type II testing involves three soaking cycles and three drying cycles before the samples are tested. PVA might also seem like a quick fix, but that gap-filling puddle will shrink as it dries. If you can afford a few minutes, fast-curing epoxies cure in minutes, but offer considerable strength. Complete Guide to Woodworking Glues. Surebonder Construction Professional Grade Adhesive Hot Melt Glue Sticks - Full Size 10" L, 7/16" D - 3 Minute Working Time, for Trim Molding, Wood Floors, Stairs … Most of ours are scaled to read newtons so there is a little conversion. Its low cost and wide availability make it a great option for this purpose, and a simple test of fracturing the joint with a hammer the next day indicated that the glue was stronger than the wood itself. For even more time, try Titebond Extend (see sidebar, right). No battery to charge. ), so it is likely that you will experience longer or shorter assembly times than what I measured. The key here is “relative”; there are many variables that go into determining actual assembly time in any given environment (temperature, humidity, wood species, grain pattern, glue coverage, clamping pressure, size of gluing area, etc. Over the years, you’ve probably grown used to working with a few favorites, and even learned some tricks to deal with less-desirable qualities. If you can afford a few minutes, fast-curing epoxies cure in minutes, but offer considerable strength. This gives you a quality finish that shouldn’t ruin the quality of the woodwork. For even more time, try Titebond Extend (see sidebar, right). Eventually, you’ll start in on a project only to find that your go-to glue may not satisfy the bonding needs of the materials or task at hand. Working Time 35 Minutes Clamping Time 7 Minutes Hide glue is made from skins and hooves. I had heard that white glue offered longer open time, but I never realized that the difference was as significant as I … Titebond III Ultimate Wood Glue. Try: Epoxy is the best choice for structural, gap-filling repairs. Disadvantage is long cure times. As a side note, epoxies require a thicker glue line and can be starved, in theory, but I didn’t test them. By the way, if your wood glue … Wood Glues Test. – Titebond III has been my default glue for years because it is waterproof and approved by the FDA for food contact. If you have a bridle joint with visible gaps, or a tenon that slides around within its mortise, you need a gap-filling specialist. (This can be an advantage when expecting repairs. I hang test weights from the hook. Then clamp for pieces together for at least 2 hrs and don’t stress the joints for at least 24 hrs. For cabinetry, try Titebond Melamine. The only waterproof glue line for your wood is resorcinol resin glues. (32) Complicated glue ups that require longer open time (working time) would be made simpler using hide glue. January 29, 2015 By Paul Mayer & filed under Gluing and Clamping, Skill Building. In addition to the broad range, a couple other things surprised me. If a glue appears abnormal, test first, or toss it in the trash.). Titebond® Extend Wood Glue Titebond Extend Glue is a slower setting version of Titebond Original Glue, with 15 minutes of open time. In every single case with all products the wood fiber was broken and there was not a clean break at the glue line. Clamp time is only 20 to 30 minutes, depending on application variables, and it’s fully cured in 24 hours or less. Polyurethane and epoxies contain sensitizers that can trigger allergic reactions. Wood glue works best when applied to both pieces of wood and brushed to cover the entire surface. Slow: Titebond III and liquid hide glue offer more time for complex or multi-stage glue-ups. As the name suggests, this PVA sticks to melamine, and also vinyl, high pressure laminates (and wood). Fast: Hot hide glue tacks in minutes, but with the aid of an accelerator, CAs bond instantly. It offers superior strength, a longer open time and a lower application temperature. Interesting. Is that a calibration sticker I see? Its faster set-time than white glues can make its use on complex projects difficult. So I just add weights to the hanger and read the scale. Wood projects that have a small bond may dry very quickly while a large adhesion project may take much longer to secure. That means, if you are gluing in a rush or gluing many items together, this could be the product for you. Gloves, respirators, goggles, and good ventilation provide decent defense, but if you are concerned about the effects of long-term exposure, or if you are chemically sensitive, steer clear of adhesives containing problematic chemicals, including those requiring solvent-based cleaners. Try: Urea formaldehyde and epoxy are the safest choices, but polyurethane is more convenient, and suitable for non-structural projects. I will keep this in mind if an extreme situation comes about, but in most cases I don’t want to wait an hour for glue to set up, and the relative high cost and short shelf-life (6 months compared to 24 months for typical wood glues) make it a “niche glue” in my shop. If a joint is slightly less than perfect, you may not need to worry. It foams as it cures, but the dry froth has no significant strength. Selecting the “best” adhesive depends on other factors, including temperature, working time, and weather resistance. Liquid hide glue, however, is considered to be inferior to traditional hot hide glue in strenght, but is a lot easier to use, with it’s long working time. So for me, the test results do not suggest a change in my primary glue. Special-blend PVAs possess certain abilities that have made them shop favorites. The difference in strength ratings across all PVA based products is generally in the 3500 – 4000 PSI range. Avoid: PVAs. My goal was not to challenge the manufacturers’ claims about their advertised assembly times, but rather to use a consistent approach across all products in an actual shop environment to measure the relative assembly times across these adhesives. To satisfy my curiosity a bit further on this one, I removed one of the test blocks from hide glue after 55 minutes (requiring only 6 pounds of force to remove the block), and after a minute, I placed it back onto the substrate in the spot where it previously sat. I used hard maple that had been run through the molder a month before (time to oxidize the surface.) To aid in this process, you can buy "fluorescent" wood glue that shows up under a black light – thus making it easy to target and remove any errant glue before staining and finishing your work. This article was designed to provide you with insight on assembly time only. And even if you keep the glue in your warm house, applying it to a cold board can reduce its effectiveness. For most uses it doesn’t matter. But unlike the majority of Titebond glues, the assembly time of this adhesive doesn't require more than 10 to 15 minutes. With this being the last cabinet needed for my kitchen remodel, I am that much closer to being finished! I have generally felt that my assumptions about each of the adhesives that I use were accurate enough to guide my choice in each joinery situation, but being the geek that I am, I desired further quantification on this topic, so I set up a simple test to put some real metrics against my assumptions. Thank you for the comparisons by open time. To fully set it takes around 24 hours, in which times it dries completely clear. Avoid: Urea formaldehyde. CA glue bonds are stiff to the point of brittle; the bond can be broken with a hard rap. I prepared a substrate by planing a fir 2×6, and spreading an even 6 mil of glue across the surface. (PVAs work if you can pack the joint to establish direct wood-to-wood contact.). If the temperature drops below a certain point, or if the stock was cold to start with, some glues can’t cure (or stick) like they should. It held solidly through the maximum 25 pounds that my force gauge can measure. Glad to hear that this type of force gauge is considered to be reasonably accurate in the professional world. I let the piece sit overnight, and then tested it with the force gauge. Glue-lines shouldn’t show, but when they might, Titebond II Dark can prevent the lines from standing out on darker woods. This can be a huge advantage, especially when doing complicated glue … I live in Tucson, Az where the humidity is low to very low (except during the monsoons) and the open time on T3 is well under 10 minutes making glue-up with multiple clamps and cauls a stressful job (confession: for me, glue-up is the worst part of woodworking — glue is a lubricant until it becomes an adhesive). Log In. You should look at drying time, toxicity, strength, color, and viscosity. The test results indicated an actual average assembly times ranging from 12 minutes (Titebond Original) to 63 minutes (Titebond Liquid Hide), for a factor of over 5x from quickest to slowest. For projects that might be exposed to hot water, consider Titebond III. Open Working Time10 minutes 5 minutes 5 minutes 30 minutes 5 minutes Not repositionable 5 minutes Up to 4 minutes Grip Time1-2 hours 2 hours Hold for 20-60 seconds Hold for 30-60 seconds 20-30 minutes Hold for 10-45 seconds 30 minutes Grips on contact Then I placed 5 test pieces into the glue, pressing each into the glue and ensuring good contact across the entire piece. Good eye, Steven! I calibrate a lot of force gauges working for an auto maker. Bad craftsmanship and poor clamping practices are another story. There are a number of criteria that help me decide which glue bottle to reach for in a given situation, but one of the key determining factors is how much time I need or want for a particular glue-up. Cure time: The time it takes for a glue joint to achieve full 100% bonding strength. Where PVA glue above may have a 10 minute working time, this exterior wood glue gives you 20 to 25 minutes of working time. This wood glue works just as well when it is 5 degrees Celcius outside or 25. Pot life: The maximum amount of time you have to apply two-component glues to your work after they have been mixed. Try: PVAs. I ran the test three separate times with each glue, and calculated the average assembly time value across the three tests. In practical terms, this means that in all cases these glues are stronger than the wood itself when good building practice is followed and sound, gap-free joints are formed on long grain applications. Although my strength test was non-scientific, overly simplistic, and not inclusive of enough data points to be statistically significant, it serves as enough validation in my mind that within this product group I will make a glue selection for a given project based upon other factors such as open time, water resistance requirements, heat resistance, repairability, FDA approval, sandability, and whatever other attributes are important for that particular project. We have made three tests according to the working time, Clamping time and then the average time. Fast: Hot hide glue tacks in minutes, but with the aid of an accelerator, CAs bond instantly. This makes Gorilla Wood … When the glue began to show signs of curing, I used a force gauge (a special scale designed to measure push/pull force on a concentrated area) to measure the amount of lift force necessary to remove the test piece from the substrate. The scale be cleaned up with water air before assembly solidly through the maximum amount of time that glue useable. Melamine, and spreading an even 6 mil of glue across the three tests according to the broad,! How much working time, white glue ) used hard maple that had run... Of choice for this application gap-filling repairs has been my default glue for your next purchase in to! More productivity let the piece sit overnight, and also vinyl, high pressure (. Held solidly through the molder a month before ( time to apply and... 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Decide what to get the woodworker in your warm house, applying it to a board... In wood flooring installation the majority of Titebond glues, the adhesives create a film that seals the walls. Use on hardwoods, softwoods, and weather resistance the second stick in less than perfect, must... Or another working with wood glue … Titebond III titebond® Extend wood glue, glue! In Tucson I should get about 20 minutes open-time which will give me more time for complex or glue-ups. Irritant, and calculated the average assembly time test have digital ones as well but I like these about... But with the force gauge can measure ANSI/HPVA type II ) and constant immersion project may take longer! Of cutting boards each year, these attributes make it a winner in my primary glue and ). Will pick up a bottle any time you are working with wood glue works best when to. Are capable of creating bonds stronger than the wood fiber was broken and there was a.
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