The main function of the Substructure is to support and anchor the superstructure safely into the Earth. In Marxist theory, society consists of two parts: the base (or substructure) and superstructure.The base comprises the forces and relations of production (e.g. It must be designed to accommodate both the form and layout of the superstructure. footing and plinth of a building are a part of a sub-structure. https://www.letsbuild.com/blog/substructure-superstructure/amp https://www.askdifference.com/substructure-vs-superstructure Pier is the part of the substructure that supports the superstructure and transfers loads of superstructure to the foundations. Various components and parts of a bridge such as superstructure, substructure, bearings of concrete and steel bridges, their types, importance, functions are discussed. BASE and superstructure refer to the reciprocal relationship and interaction between the ever-changing ways that humans collectively get their living (“the forces and relations of production”) and the way they think and behave (ideology, culture, social institutions and the state). 1. In a crystal, a superstructure manifests itself through additional reflections in diffraction patterns, e.g., in low energy electron diffraction or X-ray diffraction experiments.Often a set of weak diffraction spots appears between the stronger spots belonging to what is referred to as the substructure. Its function shows that it is the critical link in the distribution of building loads and as it is below the ground it is hidden from the view. Cross section of classic Ballasted Track with twin A Superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline called Ground Level in general and it usually serves the purpose of the structure's intended use. The shape and size of pier mainly depend on aesthetics, site, space and economic constraints of the construction. It contributes to further load distribution and protects the substructure’s upper surface from penetration of the ballast particles. Fig. Sub-Structure. Pier is suitable for spanned bridges with a maximum width of deck up to 8 m (2 traffic lanes). Basic Components and Parts of Bridge Structures The bridge structure consists of the following components: Superstructure or … the ballasted track the superstructure also includes theblanket layer (sub-ballast) which consists of sand and gravel adequately compacted. A superstructure (the bridge deck) is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline called ground level and it usually serves the purpose of the structure’s intended use. Building parts located above ground such as the column, beam, floor, roof, etc. Some structural systems are based on a single material, such as heavy timber structures. 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